Chemistry of the Body

Matter and Energy 
· _______________- anything that occupies space and has mass
o solid, liquid, gas
· _______________-amount of matter a substance contains
· Energy
o potential
o kinetic
§ light, heat, electrical, chemical
 

Basic Molecular Structure

o Matter is comprised of _______________, 92 of which occur naturally
o Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances
o Identified by chemical symbols
o Oxygen, _______________, hydrogen, and _______________ make up 96% of body’s mass
o _______________ are combination of two or more elements

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

· What is an atom? 
o -smallest part of an_______________ showing characteristics of that element 
· Subunits 
o _______________-located in the nucleus (+)
o _______________-located in the nucleus (0)
o _______________-located in energy shells (-)
 

ATOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

· Atomic _______________ - number of protons in the nucleus
· Mass number - number of protons plus the number of neutrons
· Atomic _______________ - sum of the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
· Number of protons equal the number of electrons
 
 
· _______________
o atoms with the same numbers of protons but have different numbers of neutrons
o isotopes of an element react in the same manner chemically 
 
· Electron shells
o electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom in shells/energy levels
§ 1st level - holds _______________ e’s
§ 2nd level - up to _______________ e’s
§ 3rd level - up to _______________ e's.
o number and arrangement of electrons determine if an atom is chemically stable  
 
CHEMICAL BONDS
· Chemical bonds and electrons
o chemical bonds are a union between atoms caused by the _______________ or _______________ of electrons.
o the type of bond is determined by the arrangement of the electrons in orbit around the nucleus.
 
o electrons are attracted to _______________, but repelled by other electrons
o electrons are arranged in orbits (_______________) around the nucleus. 
o the electrons in the outermost orbital are called the _______________ electrons
o valence electrons determine the chemical _______________ of an atom.
o _______________ rule - atoms form bonds to have 8 electrons in their valence shell

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

· _______________ - two or more atoms joined together ex. H-H; O=O
· _______________ - combination of atoms of two or more elements ex. CO2, H2O
· Chemical Equations
o _______________ – left side of the equation
o _______________ – right side of the equation
· Molecular Formula 
o Example
o C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----à 6CO2 + 12H2O + Energy
 
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
· _______________= combination
· Decomposition
· Displacement
· Oxidation Reduction
 
Factors affecting reactions
o _______________
o Particle Size
o _______________
o Catalysts
 

CHEMICAL BONDS

· _______________- involve the sharing of electrons between atoms
· _______________- bonding involving the loss or gain of electrons thus forming ions 
· cation (+)
· anion (-)
· Polar covalent - due to the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
· _______________- type of covalent bond due to sharing of hydrogen electrons with neighboring hydrogen atoms
 

_______________MOLECULES

· Electrolytes
· Acids
· Bases
· Salts
· pH
· Water
 

ELECTROLYTES

· Substances that ionize and _______________in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current
· Form charged particles (ions) in solution
· Include acids, bases, and salts 
 

· ACIDS and BASES

o _______________= substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
o Acts as a proton donor
o HCl H+ + Cl-
o _______________= substance that dissociate in solution into hydroxide (OH-)
o Acts as a proton acceptor
o NaOH Na+ + OH-
o pH - measure of acidity or   alkalinity 
o pH 7.0 - neutral
o acidic - pH < _______________
o basic - pH > _______________
o pH = - log [H+]
o pH - range 0 - 14
o body fluids 7.35-7.45 (7.40)
 

· SALTS

o Acids and bases react with other to form _______________when mixed in equal concentrations
 
o HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl (salt)
 

MOST IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE

· _______________
o Excellent _______________
o _______________
o Serves as a reactant
o Important lubricant
o High heat of vaporization
o High heat _______________
 

ORGANIC MOLECULES

· Contain carbon atoms linked to each other in chains or rings
o Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
 
· CARBOHYDRATES
o INCLUDE _______________AND _______________
o PROVIDE MOST OF CELL’S _______________
o CARBON - HYDROGEN - OXYGEN
o 1:2:1 RATIO
 
· _______________
o Complex sugars
o Very large macromolecules formed when long chains of simple sugars are hooked together
o _______________- storage form of glucose in animals
o Starch - storage form of glucose in plants
 
 
PROTEINS
· _______________acids are the building blocks of proteins
· Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, _______________
· _______________amino acids occur naturally
· Essential for cell structures and function
· enzymes, receptors, blood proteins, structural support 

 PROTEIN STRUCTURE LEVELS
· Primary structure
· Secondary structure
· Tertiary structure
· Quaternary structure
 
· _______________of Amino Acids is unique for each protein 
 
LIPIDS
· TYPES OF LIPIDS
 

NUCLEIC ACIDS

· DNA - _______________acid & RNA - ribonucleic acid
o Consist of nucleotides
o 5 carbon sugar
o nitrogenous base
o phosphate group
 
 
ATP
o Adenosine _______________
o Main energy carrier for individual reaction needs