VIRUSES

Virus (Latin for ...................)

Viruses do not fit into the ................ system because they exhibit some but not all of the ............. of ...................

They contain protein and nucleic acids like cells. They reproduce, but only within a ................................

They do not ................., ................... , or respond to stimuli. They can be solidified into ..................... and then become active again.

STRUCTURE: Viruses consist of a ................... .................. core surrounded by a ................ coat.

The nucleic acid may be either .................. or ................. but not both.

The protein coat, called the ....................., determines the shape of the virus, which may be ................-shaped, or .................. (having many sides).

____________ (viruses that invade bacteria) have a polyhedral head with a hollow tail.

REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES:

_______________ Cycle: (a reproductive cycle that kills the host cell)

• _______________(Attachment)
• _______________(Injection)
• _______________- the nucleic acid copies itself
• _______________(new nucleic acids and protein coats are put together)
• _______________(the cell lyses, killing the cell, and releases up to 300 new viruses)

_______________Cycle: (an inactive reproductive cycle that does not harm the host cell until activated later)

Viruses that reproduce in this way are called _______________ phages.

• _______________- the nucleic acid of the virus attaches to the DNA of the host cell
• _______________ - the viral DNA (called the _______________) is copied along with the host cell DNA during mitosis.
• _______________ - The prophage changes to the lytic cycle and destroys the cell.

TRANSDUCTION:

Viruses have the ablility to transfer genetic information from one host cell to another. This is called _______________.

Through transduction, a virus can alter the hereditary code of a cell.

Viruses & Disease

_______________ - disease causing organisms (including viruses, bacteria, and other microscopic parasites.

_______________ - the first virus identified to cause a disease, was discovered in 1890's

_______________ - isolated the TMV in 1935.

Viruses tend to attack a particular species of animal or plant, and a specific type of cell in that organism.

Cold viruses attack cells of _______________ system.

Polio attacks _______________ cells.

HIV attacks the T-cells of the _______________ system.

Many viruses may attack several species:

Rabies = _______________, dogs, ____________, ____________, humans

Flu = _______________, _______________, humans

Psitticosis = birds, humans

IMMUNITY:

The body fights viruses with:

_ a barrier (the skin)

_ phagocytic white blood cells, and

_ antibodies.

_______________ Immunity - results from the production of antibodies, & may result from surviving a disease or from a vaccine.

_______________ Immunity - results from receiving antibodies produced in another organism, such as from mother to unborn child or from serums produced in other animals.

Viruses cannot be harmed by _______________ such as penicillin.

BACTERIA

Kingdom - _______________

All monerans are _______________ (lack a nuclear membrane, have no membrane organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Their genetic material consists of a circular loop of DNA.

Although some bacteria cause harmful diseases, most are _______________. They _______________ and _______________ the remains of dead organisms, aid in _______________, bind _______________ into the soil, help produce some foods, and help produce some life-saving drugs.

Shapes and arrangements of bacteria:

• Cocci - _______________
• Bacilli - _______________
• Spirilli - _______________
• Diplo - _______________
• Staphylo - _______________
• Strepto - _______________

STRUCTURE:

Bacteria have cell walls like _______________.

_______________ = a protective slime layer found around some bacteria.

The cytoplasm contains many ribosomes.

Some bacteria have long _______________ used for locomotion. These are said to be motile. Others are nonmotile.

_______________ are similar to flagella, but are shorter and more numerous. They are used to attach themselves.

NUTRITION:

_______________ = produce their own food. These may be photosynthetic or chemosynthetic.

_______________ = feed from others.

• Some are _______________.
• Most are _______________ (feed on dead material)

RESPIRATION:

Obligate aerobes = must have _______________ to live

Obligate _______________ = cannot live in presence of oxygen

_______________ anaerobes = can grow with or without oxygen

REPRODUCTION:

Most bacteria reproduce asexually by _______________. Others may reproduce sexually by joining together and combining genetic material in a process called _______________.

PROTECTION AGAINST BACTERIA:

_______________ - chemicals capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria

The first antibiotic, _______________, was discovered in 1929 by _______________.

IMMUNIZATIONS:

Commonly required and/or recommended vaccinations include:

• Hib (Haemophilus _______________ B)
• DTP (_______________, _______________, _______________)
• Hepatitis B
• Polio
• MMR (_______________, _______________, _______________)
• Flu
• Pneumonia