BIOCHEMISTRY

_______________ - made by living things, contain carbon

_______________ - not made by organisms, no carbon

Water: most important inorganic compound

1. excellent solvent
2. high heat capacity

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

_______________ forms backbone of organic compounds by forming carbon chains.

Most organic molecules consist of basic units that are repeated over and over.

_______________ = the basic units

_______________ = chains of monomers

_______________: a reaction that joins two monomers and releases a molecule of water. (dehydration synthesis)

4 major groups of organic compounds:

1. _______________

2. _______________

3. _______________

4. _______________

CARBOHYDRATES: C_n(H₂O)_n

_______________ = single sugars = C₆H₁₂O₆

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

_______________ = have the same formula but different structures

_______________ = double sugars = C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

_______________ ---> glucose + fructose

_______________ ---> glucose + glucose

_______________ ---> glucose + galactose

_______________ = many sugars

Starches:

_______________ = animal starch

_______________ = a plant starch found in cell walls

_______________ = break down polymers into monomers

Water molecules combine with parts of the monomers.

LIPIDS: Fats, oils, waxes, sterols

_______________ = Glycerol + fatty acids

Fatty acids - chains of 14 - 22 carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens

Glycerol - 3 carbon chain

_______________ = sterol lipid often associated with coronary artery disease

_______________ = (natural fats) 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

PROTEINS: basic building blocks of living things,

made of chains of amino acids (20 diff. kinds)

_______________ - NH₂

_______________ - COOH

_______________ - H

_______________ - different for each of the 20 kinds.

_______________ - connect the amino group of one amino acid to the acid group of another amino acid.

_______________ - two amino acids joined together

_______________ - 3 or more amino acids joined together

Fibrous proteins:

_______________ - coiled

_______________ - pleated

Ex: muscle, spider webs, wool, horns

_______________ - fibrous chains are twisted and coiled into globs.

Ex: Hemoglobin

ENZYMES: Chemical catalysts

_______________ = control the rate of a reaction without being affected by the reaction.

Enzymes only fit specific molecules and reactions.

_______________ = the molecule that an enzyme fits

Chemical bonds form between the enzyme and its substrate. These bonds unlock some of the bonds in the substrate, this can provide the activation energy to get reactions going.

_______________ = non-protein molecules that help the enzyme bind to the substrate. Ex. vitamins

NUCLEIC ACIDS

_______________ = Deoxyribonucleic acid

_______________ = Ribonucleic acid

These molecules contain the instructions for manufacture of the other organic molecules.