PROTOZOA
KINGDOM - ____________________
Characteristics: eukaryotic and unicellular
____________________ = the largest group of protists (approx. 27,000 species)
Proto = ____________________
zoa = ____________________
Characteristics of Protozoa:
1. ____________________ = feed on others
2. Mostly ____________________ = live in water
____________________= marine protozoans that drift in the ocean with other microscopic heterotrophs
3. May also live in moist soil or body tissues or fluids
4. Absorb nutrients from their environment through their plasma membrane
5. Some independent others symbiotic
____________________ = lives in association with another species
3 types of symbiosis:
____________________ = one is helped / other harmed
____________________ = both species benefit
____________________ = one benefits / the other is unaffected
6. ____________________ = ability to move (most can)
Those that are nonmotile are usually parasites.
CLASSIFICATION: Classified according to their type of movement
PHYLUM - ____________________
All members of this phylum move by letting their cytoplasm flow and push against their plasma membranes (often called amoeboid movement). These cytoplasmic projections are called ____________________ (false feet).
Many have soft flexible membranes like the familiar Amoeba. Others, like Foraminifera may have hard
outer shells made of calcium carbonate. Radiolaria have internal shells made of silicon.
STRUCTURE OF AMOEBAS
Each is a shapless, irregular cell containing at least one nucleus and other organelles.
____________________ - pump out excess water
____________________ - a thick grainy cytoplasm inside
____________________ - a thin fluid cytoplasm around the edges
____________________ - digest food
CAPTURING FOOD
Amoebas capture food by ____________________, using their pseudopodia to surround the food. The cell membrane pinches inward to form a food vacuole. Undigested material exits in a reverse process called ____________________.
Amoebas feed on dead organisms at the bottom of ponds, lakes, and streams.
____________________ - dead organisms
REPRODUCTION
____________________ - a type of asexual reproduction in which the nucleus replicates and divides as the cell pinches in half.
____________________ may form in unfavorable conditions. Cysts have thick outer membranes
inside which the nucleus divides many times. Many new amoebas are released from the cyst when
favorable conditions return.
RESPONSE
NEGATIVE ____________________ - amoebas avoid light
____________________ - amoebas move away from harmful things and around objects blocking
their path.
____________________ - (disease causing)
____________________ is the cause of a disease called ________________ by attacking the
intestines. Spread by poor sewage disposal, it was the cause of many deaths in earlier times.
PHYLUM - ____________________
All members of this phylum have hundreds of short hairlike projections called ____________________ which beat in unison like tiny oars.
Most use their cilia to swim after food. Some are ____________________ (attached) and use cilia to
draw food into their bodies.
STRUCTURE OF PARAMECIUM
Shaped like a slipper.
Anterior end - more blunt Posterior end - more pointed
____________________ - protein sheath outside the cell membrane that maintains shape
____________________ - directs cell activity
____________________ - directs reproduction
____________________ VACUOLES - more specialized for draining excess water because of RADIATING CANALS.
____________________ GROOVE - lined with cilia
____________________ PORE - opening in the pellicle that allows food in
____________________ - storage place for food
____________________ PORE - opening in the pellicle that releases waste
CAPTURING FOOD
Food is swept into the oral groove by cilia, throught the mouth pore, to the gullet where it is stored until
a food vacuole can form. Enzymes diffuse into the vacuole to digest the food. Undigested material is
carried to the anal pore and expelled by exocytosis.
REPRODUCTION
Binary Fission - ____________________
CONJUGATION = ____________________
Two paramecia join at oral grooves and swap micronuclei (See book for more details)
RESPONSE
AVOIDANCE REACTION -
DEFENSE REACTION - When threatened the paramecium discharges tiny poisonous hairs called
____________________ which are located under the pellicle. These may scare away attacking
organisms or paralyze small ones.
PHYLUM - ____________________
All members of this phylum use long whip-like flagella to pull or propel them through the water. Most
are parasitic.
Trypanosoma gambiense causes ____________________. Trypanosomes reproduce in the ____________________ and enter the blood of humans or cattle through the saliva when the fly bites. There the Trypanosome reproduces again and produces toxins that cause fever, sleepiness, and coma.
____________________ vaginalis occurs as a disease of the vaginal and male urethral tract.
Trichonympha campanula lives in a mutualistic relationship with ____________. Trichonympha
actually digest the cellulose for the termites.
PHYLUM - ____________________
All members of this phylum are ____________________. All are ____________________. The
phylum name comes from their asexual production of spores. Sporozoans may also reproduce
sexually.
Plasmodium vivax, the organism that causes ____________________, is the best known sporozoan.
Plasmodium enters the female Anopheles mosquito when she bites a person with malaria. Plasmodium enters the human through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. Spores of plasmodium then travel to the liver, reproduce asexually, and invade red blood cells. Every 48 to 72 hours the spores break out of the red cells and release poisons into the bloodstream causing weakness and fever
ALGAE
Algae are simple, water-dwelling organisms that float near the surface and make their own food by
____________________. They vary in size from the microscopic unicellular forms to
____________________ that reach 230 feet.
Algae are classified by color and structure into 7 groups:
Cyanophyta (____________________ algae)
Chlorophyta (____________________ algae)
Chrysophyta (____________________ algae)
Pyrrophyta (____________________ algae)
Phaeophyta (____________________ algae)
Rhodophyta (____________________ algae)
Euglenophyta (____________________)
STRUCTURE:
The body of an alga is called a ____________________.
The thallus lacks specialized organs such as _____________, _____________, or _____________.
They may be found in long chain-like ____________________ or grouped in colonies. All algae
contain ____________________. Other pigments may be present in varying amounts.
REPRODUCTION:
Reproduction may be asexual or ____________________.
Asexual reproduction may be by:
____________________
____________________
____________________ (swimming spores)
Sexual reproduction occurs when specialized sex cells (____________________) join to form
____________________. Gametes may be similar (____________________) or different
(____________________)
CYANOPHYTA (____________________ Algae)
These algae, along with the bacteria, are ____________________. Their chlorophyll is not contained in chloroplasts. They cannot reproduce sexually. Few are economically useful. Some can cause problems with smell or taste. Some blue-green algae are capable of nitrogen fixation which fertilizes the water that they live in.
Well known types:
____________________, ____________________, Nostoc, Gloeocapsa
CHLOROPHYTA (____________________ Algae)
Green algae are the most diverse group, ranging in size from unicellular to 25 ft.
Major examples are:
____________________, Protoccocus, ____________________, Ulva, Ulothrix, Oedogonium
____________________ is used as an example for studying a type of sexual reproduction called
conjugation. Two filaments line up parallel to each other. Knobs grow out from each cell forming
connecting tubes. The content of one cell flows into the other cell forming a zygote. The wall of the
receiving cell forms a zygospore which can lie dormant or develop into a new filament of spirogyra.
CHRYSOPHYTA - (____________________ Algae)
____________________ are the most widely distributed algae.
Their color comes from three primary pigments:
____________________ = orange
____________________ = yellow
____________________ = brown
Diatoms are one-celled, non-motile, with many many different shapes.
They store their food in the form of oils rather than carbohydrates. These oils cause a disagreeable taste in fish who eat them.
Their walls are composed of pectin and silica which makes a ____________________ shell. Large
deposits of diatoms form diatomaceous earth which is used to make ____________________
powders, polishes, and filters.
PYRROPHYTA (____________________ Algae)
These algae get their name because they sometimes look like fire smoldering in the water. This is caused by ____________________, the production of light by living things.
The most common type is a group called the ____________________.
Two members, Gymnodinium and Gonyaulax, contain a red pigment that is toxic to fish. A large
number of these in the water causes "____________________" which can kill thousands of fish.
PHAEOPHYTA (____________________ Algae)
This group includes many of the ____________________.
All are multicellular. Many attach to rocks using a structure called a ____________________. Many species have air bladders that cause their thallus to float near the surface.
Well-known species are: Laminaria, ____________________, ____________________
RHODOPHYTA (____________________ Algae)
Most of these seaweeds are less than a foot long. They grow deeper than any other seaweeds because they absorb blue light which penetrates farther.
Gelidium is a source of ____________________.
EUGLENOPHYTA - (Euglenoids)
These ____________________ cells with chlorophyll were sometimes classified as protozoans because they can feed on other organisms if there is no light, and because they have no cell wall.
____________________ gracilis is the most common.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:
____________________ to aquatic organisms
Soil ____________________
____________________ (Nori)
____________________ is used in chocolate milk, jams, jellies, ice cream, and salad dressings
____________________ supplements
____________________
____________________
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