BIRDS

Kingdom - ANIMALIA

Phylum - CHORDATA

Subphylum - VERTEBRATA

Class - ________________

Characteristics:

1. ________________

2. Lightweight ________________

3. ________________

4. ________________ lacking ________________

5. ________________ as front legs

6. ________________blooded (Endothermic)

7. ________________-chambered heart

8. Produce amniote eggs that must be ________________

Classification:

Over 8,000 species; 27 orders

Classified on the basis of behavior, type of feet, type of beaks, etc.

Birds range in size from the ________________ (1/3 oz.) to the ________________ (275 lbs).

Not all birds fly. Examples of flightless birds are the ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, and ________________.

ANATOMY:

FEATHERS - outgrowths of the skin

________________ = small sacs in the skin from which the feathers develop

________________ = central shaft of feather

________________ = bottom section of rachis

________________ = projections off the rachis

________________ = projections off the barbs

________________ = the broad flat part of a feather made up of the barbs and barbules

Types of feathers:

1. ________________ = protect and streamline (Quill feathers are a type of contour feather.)

2. ________________ = soft, fluffy feathers used for insulation

3. Filoplumes = short thin hairlike feathers, also called pin feathers

4. Bristles = short hairlike feathers near the nostrils used to filter dust

________________ gland = located at base of tail, secretes oil which is placed on feathers

________________ - most shed their feathers a few at a time, some lose most of them at once (usually during nesting season)

Coloration varies; males usually ________________ colored to attract mates; females duller, more ________________ so they can't be seen during nesting.

Skeletons and Muscles:

Bones strong, filled with ________________

________________ enlarged of form KEEL, where the strong breast muscles are attached.

Birds move wings in a figure-8 motion.

Birds may fly at 50 mph.

Digestive System:

Birds must eat large amounts of food because of energy requirements for flying.

Mouth

Esophagus

________________ - stores food

2-chambered stomach

________________ - contains enzymes

________________ - grinds food

Intestine

Cloaca

Respiratory System:

Birds require a large amount of oxygen.

________________ - windpipe

________________ - branch to each lung

Lungs - exchanges gases with blood

________________ - lighten body, circulate air through lungs

________________ - song box

Circulatory System:

4-chambered heart

Heartrate may be as high as ________________per min.

Excretory System:

No ________________ bladder

Excrete nitrogen wastes as a dry white solid compound called ________________.

Nervous System:

Highly developed

Large ________________ allows for high level of intelligence, and instinct

________________ - best sense

Taste and ________________ - poor

Reproductive System:

Male:

________________ produce sperm

Vas deferens = long tube

Seminal vesicle = stores ________________

Female:

Ovary produces ________________

Oviduct = long tube

Shell gland = produces shell

________________ = egg white (protein)

Cloaca

________________ birds are well developed when they hatch, feed themselves, hatch larger number of eggs.

________________ birds are helpless at birth, must be fed, produce few eggs, remain in nest a long time.

BIRD BEHAVIOR

Courtship:

Pair bonds = males and females stay together during the reproductive season

Courtship displays for choosing mates

Nesting:

Each species builds a certain type of nest.

________________ = a group of eggs in a nest

________________ = keeping eggs warm

________________: Regular seasonal movement

Migration routes = specific routes to and from their summer & winter homes

Birds find their way using ________________, wind currents, the sun, the ________________, or the earth's magnetic field.

MAMMALS

Kingdom - ANIMALIA

Phylum - CHORDATA

Subphylum - VERTEBRATA

Class - MAMMALIA

Order - 18 orders

Characteristics:

1. ________________ for nursing young

2. Body ________________

3. Large, well-developed ________________

4. Outer ________________

5. Separate ________________ and ________________ cavities

6. Extended ________________ care

7. ________________-chambered heart

8. Legs better placed for support and speed

9. High ________________ rates for energy and heat

10. ________________ fertilization during estrus period

________________ - time at which the female is fertile

11. Epiglottis to prevent choking when swallowing

Behavior:

Communal living

Solitary hunters

Territoriality - defend a territory

Migration

________________ - winter sleep; temperature drops, heart and breathing slow

________________ (Torpor) - not true hibernation

________________ - summer sleep

CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS

3 Major types of development:

1. ________________ - egg layers

2. ________________ - pouched mammals

3. ________________ - live bearers

Order - ________________

Duck-billed Platypus - in ________________

Spiny Anteater - in Australia & New Guinea

Unusual characteristics:

Have a ________________, legs attached at sides, eggs resemble reptile eggs.

Produce milk in specialized sweat glands; young lick milk from fur.

Order - ________________ (pouched mammals)

Kangaroos, ________________, wombats, wallabies, ________________, opossums.

Tiny, helpless embryos develop inside pouches where they attach to nipples.

Placental Mammals:

________________% of all mammals are placentals.

Embryos are attached to the mother's uterus for development. Nourishment passes through the ________________, tissue that develops inside the uterus and transfers food and oxygen from the mother's blood vessels to the baby's blood vessels.

________________ (pregnancy) - time period during which the baby develops in the mother.

Order - ________________ - Shrews, hedgehogs, moles

Enormous appetites, high metabolic rates - May eat twice their body weight each day

Order - ________________ (flying mammals) Bats - Locate food by echolocation

Order - ________________ (even-toed) - Sheep, cattle, deer, pigs

Hoofed mammals = ungulates

____________ = eat plants

____________ = 4 chambered stomach (Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum)

Order - ________________ (odd-toed) - Horse, rhinoceros

Order - ________________ (trunk animals) - African & Asian elephants

Endangered species because of their ________________ tusks. They are the largest land animals.

Order - ________________ - Cats, dogs, seals

Have sharp canine teeth for tearing flesh

Order - ________________ -- Whales, dolphins, porpoise

________________ are the largest animals in the world, 100 ft, 100 tons.

________________ is a fingernail-like substance used to filter food from water.

Order - ________________ (Sea cows) - Dugong, manatee

Order - ________________ (Gnawing mammals) - Rats, mice, squirrel, porcupine, beaver

Have sharp, chisel-sharp teeth.

Order - ________________ - Rabbits, hares, pikas

Have long hind legs for leaping.

Order - ________________ (toothless mammals) - Armadillos, anteaters, sloths

Order - ________________

Monkeys - have long tails

Apes - lack ________________

Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Orangutans, Gibbons

Humans - upright posture

Highly intelligent, eyes face forward, grasping hands with opposable thumbs