PHYLUM - ________________

Characteristics:

1. ________________ - a firm rod extending along the dorsal part of the body

that becomes the backbone in Vertebrates.

2. ________________ - dorsal nerve cord above the notochord.

3. ________________

4. ________________

SUBPHYLA:

________________ - (tunicates or sea squirts)

________________ - Amphioxus, the lancelet

________________ - (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals)

Vertebrate Characteristics:

________________ symmetry

________________ circulatory systems

True ________________

________________

________________ skeleton

Skull

Vertebrae

Ribs

________________ skeleton

Pectoral girdle - shoulders and arms

Pelvic girdle - pelvis & legs

Class - ________________ (CYCLOSTOMATA)

________________ and Hagfishes have smooth cylinder-like bodies with skeletons made of cartilage and no ________________.

Lampreys once became a problem in the ________________ where they fed on Lake Trout, using their tongue to gouge a hole in their victim and feed on their blood. They were controlled by studying their life cycle and developing a ________________, a poison that kills the larva while they develop in the mud. Adults of most species swim to salt water and return to lay eggs.

________________ live only in cold ocean water. They are sometimes known as "slime eels" because they have mucus-secreting glands all over their bodies. They feed on dead or dying fish by boring a hole and sucking the blood and organs from the body.

Hagfish are hermaphrodites, producing sperm one year and eggs the next.

Class - ________________ (Cartilage fish)

________________, ________________, ________________

They have hinged jaws and skeletons made of cartilage. They have rows of teeth that are continually replaced. The skin is covered with modified teeth that give their skin the texture of sandpaper.

SHARKS - carnivorous fish with torpedo shaped bodies.

Largest fish is the ________________ Shark = 60 ft long

Sharks can swim up to 43 mph in short bursts.

Dorsal fins, Pectoral fins, Pelvic fins, Caudal fin

Senses:

Smell - very well developed, 2/3 of brain devoted to smell, can smell blood ________________ mile.

Sight - can see up to ________________ ft.

Vibrations - sharks detect vibrations through their ________________________.

Reproduction:

Sharks fertilize eggs ________________ using organs called claspers, most hatch the eggs ________________ the mother.

SKATES AND RAYS:

Have ________________, broad bodies, pectoral fins enlarged like ________________, and ________________ (breathing holes) on top of their head.

Most are harmless although the ________________ Ray can inject poison and the ________________ Ray can shock.

Skates are usually smaller than rays and more triangular. They usually swim above their victim and pin them to the ocean floor.

Class - ________________ (Bony Fish)

These fish have hinged jaws and skeletons made of true bone.

__________% of all fish belong to this group.

Many are solitary, approx. 20% travel in schools, which gives them the appearance of a larger fish and provides safety.

3 groups:

• ________________-finned fish - their fins have a large fleshy base supported by bones, were considered extinct until 1938 when a ________________ was caught near South Africa.
• ________________ - use lungs for breathing as well as gills. The Australian species can only gulp air at the surface. The South American and African species can live in mud for 1-2 years until rain fills their streams again.
• ________________-finned fish - have long bones called rays that support their fins. Most fish belong to this group.

FISH STRUCTURE:

Head, Trunk, and Tail regions

Body covered in overlapping scales with a slippery mucus coating that prevents parasites.

________________ - a protective coloration; dark on top, light on bottom.

________________ - gill cover

________________ fins - along dorsal or top side

Pectoral fins - anterior

Pelvic fins - posterior

Caudal fin - ________________ fin

Anal fin - single fin near anus

Digestive System:

________________ carries food from mouth to stomach.

Pyloric caeca = pouches that secrete digestive enzymes into stomach

Liver = secretes bile to digest fat

________________ = absorbs food; carries undigested food to anus

Respiratory and Circulatory System:

Fish obtain oxygen by gills

Gill structure consists of :

Gill ________________ - bony structure

Gill ________________ - tissues containing arteries and veins for absorbing oxygen.

________________ - a separate air sac in the coelom that acts as a float

________________ carry blood away from the heart.

________________ carry blood toward the heart.

________________ connect arteries and veins, exchange nutrients with tissues.

2-Chambered Heart:

• ________________ - receives blood from veins
• ________________ - pumps blood to body

Excretory System:

________________ - removes wastes from blood and

regulates salt and water balance

Fish in fresh water ________________ too much water, have to excrete much urine, have special salt absorbing cells in their gills to absorb salt from the water.

Fish in saltwater ________________ too much water, have to drink much saltwater, gain too much salt, have special salt excreting cells in their gills.

Some can live in fresh or saltwater.

Nervous System:

________________ organs - smell, best sense

________________ lobes - vision poor, only 1-2 ft.

________________ - transmitted through skull bones

Reproductive System: Sexual

External fertilization = inefficient

________________ - females lay eggs

________________ - fluid that contains sperm

Some are live bearers, others lay eggs.