PLANT TAXONOMY

Land plants have several major structures that allow them to be successful on land:

1. __________________ - waxy coating to prevent drying out

2. __________________ - pores to allow gas exchange

3. __________________ - tissue to support plant stems

4. Specialized seeds or spores that can be spread without water

__________________ plants - do not have any special tissues for transporting water and nutrients. They use osmosis and diffusion.

__________________ Plants - have special tissues called xylem and phloem for transporting water and nutrients.

DIVISION - __________________

Characteristics:

1. __________________

2. __________________

3. ______________________________________________________

4. Usually only __________________

5. Alternation of __________________

The life cycles of Bryophytes alternate reproducing with a gametophyte and a sporophyte generation. The gametophyte generation is a sexual gamete-producing plant, usually producing sperm and egg cells. The sporophyte generation is asexual, usually producing spores.

6. The gametophyte generation is the dominant stage in all Bryophytes.

Class(es):

1. Muscopsida - __________________

2. Hepaticopsida - __________________

3. Antherocerotopsida - __________________

__________________:

Mosses are small, soft plants that grow in clumps, in moist environments.

They are often called __________________ because they are the first to grow in barren environments.

Sphagnum mosses are the major component of __________________, partially decomposed moss that is used as a mulch in this country, or as a fuel in northern countries.

Structure:

__________________= (haploid, half of a set of chromosomes)

__________________- threadlike filament that develops from the spore and grows into the gametophyte plant

Leafy stem - phosynthetic part

__________________ - anchor but don't absorb

__________________ - produce sperm cells

__________________ - produce egg cells

__________________= (diploid, a full set of chromosomes)

__________________ - supports capsule; depends on leafy stem for food

__________________- contains spores

LIVERWORTS

Liverworts have a flat liver shaped body called a __________________. Liverworts have a life cycle similar to mosses, but their antheridia and archegonia are shaped differently.

Gemmae are special spores produced in small cupped structures on the plant.

VASCULAR PLANTS

__________________ plants have internal tubes for carrying water and nutrients. Their cell walls contain lignin for support.

Because they have vascular tubes they are said to have ______________________________________________________.

In vascular plants the __________________is the dominant generation.

__________________ - vascular tissue that carries water

__________________ - vascular tissue that carries food (usually sugar)

Vascular plants are divided into 2 groups:

1. __________________ (produce spores)

2. __________________

Seedless Plants:

Seedless plants include whisk ferns, horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns. They require water to reproduce.

FERNS:

__________________ are the most common of the seedless plants. Most are small but some grow as tall as trees.

__________________ - fern leaf divided into stem and blade

__________________ - immature fern frond

__________________ - underground stems

Roots

__________________ - clusters of sporecases on the underside of the fern frond

Sporangia - sporecases inside the sori.

__________________ - heartshaped gametophyte part

SEED PLANTS

Seed plants reproduce by forming seeds, not spores. Each seed contains an embryo, a partially developed plant.

Seeds protect the embryo, allowing it to survive harsh conditions. Seeds also allow the embryos to be spread long distances from the plant.

__________________ - "naked seeds"

The seeds of gymnosperms develop on uncovered cone scales. Examples are Cycads, Ginkgoes, and Conifers.

__________________ (cone-bearers) include Pines, Spruces, Firs, Cedars, and Cypress.

Conifers can survive harsh conditions because of their needles which resist drying out and are evergreen.

Sexual reproduction in conifers involves separate male and female cones. The male cone is the pollen cone. The female cone is the seed cone or "pine cone."

Conifers include the oldest organisms in the world (over _________ years old).

The __________________ tree is the only surviving member of its group. They are called "living fossils" because they were once thought to be extinct.

ANGIOSPERMS - "__________________"

Angiosperms produce flowers and seeds that are enclosed in fruit.

They include almost all of the green plants, trees, vegetables, and grasses.

Angiosperms are divided into two groups based on the number of cotyledons or "seed leaves" in their seeds.

__________________ - have one cotyledon

__________________ - have two cotyledons

Monocots have flowers with petals in __________________ or multiples of threes, __________________, __________________ , and diffuse roots.

Almost all monocots are __________________ plants. Their stems are usually green, lacking woody growth.

Dicots have flowers with petals in __________________ or their multiples, netted veins, __________________ in rings, and tap roots.

Many dicots, like trees and shrubs, are woody plants. The xylem and phloem produce rings of vascular tissue called secondary growth. Some are herbaceous.