_______________ = the study of living things

Bios = life Logos = study of

_______________ = a body of knowledge (about everything) and a method of study

Physical science:
Chemistry, Meteorology, Astronomy, Geology, Oceanography, Physics

Biological science:
_______________ - study of parts of the body
_______________ - how the body works
_______________ - cells and cell processes
_______________ - animals
_______________ - plants
_______________ - study of heredity
_______________ - study of our relationship to the environment.
_______________ - study of microscopic organisms
_______________ - the chemistry of organisms

WHY STUDY BIOLOGY?
1. Medicine and health reasons.
2. Curiosity
3. To understand our place in the world.
4. Use and produce new sources of food.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

_______________ - a complete, entire living thing

1. Organisms are made of cells

_______________ - one cell
_______________ - many cells

Cells are both structural and functional.

2. Organisms are highly organized. (Contain thousands of substances)
Manufacture proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in their cells.

3. Organisms use _______________.

We burn chemicals to release energy.

We must have energy constantly or we die.

_______________ - the building up and tearing down of chemicals to get and use energy.

4. Organisms grow and develop.
Growth by assimilation. (We use materials from our surroundings to make more of ourselves)

Development - not all parts grow in the same way or at the same rate.
Examples:
caterpillar ---> butterfly
tadpole -------> frog
liver cells differ from brain cells, etc.

5. Organisms have a lifespan.
_______________ - birth or beginning
_______________ - organism builds tissue rapidly
_______________ - builds, repairs, and replaces
_______________ - tissues wear out faster than they are repaired
_______________ - tissues wear out too rapidly to maintain life.

Growth is most rapid in early development, and slows toward maturity.

Lifespans:
Human _______________
Elephant _______________
Dog _______________
Snake _______________
Spiders _______________
Oak Tree _______________
Bristlecone Pine _______________

6. Organisms reproduce
_______________ = the process of producing new individuals.
Since organisms die they must reproduce to keep the species (kind of organism) alive.
Like produces Like.

7. Organisms respond to stimuli.
_______________ = anything that causes an organism to respond.
_______________ = any reaction to a stimulus
_______________ = the ability to respond
We detect stimuli through our senses: Sight, smell, hearing, touch, taste.
Responses may be positive or negative.

8. Organisms adjust to their environment.
_______________ = an organism's surroundings
_______________ = a change that makes it better suited to its environment.
Short term adaptation - fur changes color in the arctic fox during winter.
Long term adaptation - changes occur over many generations and are inherited.
Variation - normal differences that exist among individuals.
Homeostasis - a self-adjusting balance of life functions. (heartbeat, respiration, temperature)

ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS

_______________ - the building blocks of all matter. (the smallest unit of an element.)

_______________ - the simplest form of matter. It cannot be broken down chemically.

_______________ - two or more atoms combined chemically (the smallest unit of a compound)

_______________ - the smallest unit of a living thing.

_______________ - structures withing cells that perform specific functions.

_______________ - a group of similar cells that perform a similar function. (muscle tissue, bone tissue, skin tissue)

_______________ - a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific task. (brain, stomach, heart, etc.)

_______________ - a group of organs that work together to perform a specific task. (skeletal system, digestive system, etc.)

_______________ - complete, entire living things. Most organisms are made up of several systems.

They may be unicellular, multicellular, or .....

_______________ - live in groups but are separate organisms

_______________ - a group of organisms of the same species in a particular place at a particular time. (organisms that can interbreed)

_______________ - different populations that live in the same area. (all the living things)

_______________ - a community of living things and its non-living environment.

_______________ - a large geographic area that has the same major forms of life. (due to geography and climate)

_______________ - all the ecosystems on the earth. (all the life-supporting environments and all the organisms that inhabit them.) Most live on or near the surface of the earth.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD -- a logical, organized method of study

1. _______________ - This is usually a question.

"Does acid rain affect the development of salamanders?"

2. _______________ - Research library information on:

Salamanders, acid rain, acids and bases, etc.

Sources: books, journals, etc.

3. _______________(educated guess or tentative explanation)

The hypothesis is a statement that can be tested.

Example: "Salamanders that develop under acid rain conditions show a greater number of developmental abnormalities than salamanders that develop in unpolluted waters."

4. _______________

Controlled experiment - all the conditions are alike except the condition being tested.

_______________ - the one condition that is tested

_______________ is exposed to the variable.

_______________ is raised under normal conditions.

Only one variable may be tested at a time.

5. _______________

Measurements are important. Always rely on facts not comparisons.

The scientist may use drawings, tables, graphs, diagrams, photographs, written observations,

sound recordings.

6. _______________

Conclusions are based on DATA (facts)

Statistics may be used to evaluate data.

If a hypothesis is proven to be true over and over it may be called a law or principle.

If a hypothesis is unable to be tested, it becomes a theory.

Theories and laws may have to be replaced as new evidence becomes available.

USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

_______________ - living organisms form from nonliving materials.

_______________ - all living things arise from other living things.

Examples of Spontaneous generation (or abiogenesis):

1. Fish or frogs from mud

2. Flies from decaying meat

3. Mice from wheat

_______________ - disproved the belief that flies came from decaying meat.

Filled 2 sets of jars with meat (veal, snake, fish, eel).

Sealed 1 set and left other open.

Flies developed in the open set but not in the sealed jars.

Others argued that flies could not develop without air.

Redi performed his experiment again with screen instead of sealing. Again the results were the same.

_______________ - tried to prove microorganisms develop from boiled broth, and claimed to have succeeded.

_______________ challenged Needham's results because:

Needham didn't boil long enough

Needham didn't seal jars properly.

Critics of Spallanzani said he boiled so long that he killed the food.

Spallanzani showed that microorganism grew well in the jars that were boiled longer.

Pasteur Settles the Question (The Swan-necked Flask Experiment)

Pasteur boiled broth in open flasks whose necks had been bent into an S-shaped curve. This allowed air to enter but trapped dust particles in the lower part of the curve.

No microorganisms developed until he tipped the flask and allowed dust into the broth.