SPONGES & COELENTERATES

KINGDOM - __________________

Characteristics:

__________________, __________________, usually __________________ but occasionally __________________ (attached).

SYMMETRY (arrangement of __________________ parts):

1. __________________ - round, with no front, back, top, or bottom

2. __________________ - body parts are arranged around a central hub like spokes in a wheel

Examples: Jellyfish, sea anemones, starfish

3. __________________ - "2 sides", have a definite left and right side,

__________________ (front), __________________ (rear),

__________________ (top), __________________ (bottom).

__________________ - the concentration of nerve tissue at the anterior end of an organism

__________________ - animals with backbones

__________________ - animals without backbones

97% of all animals are invertebrates.

PHYLUM - __________________ (pore-bearing)

Simplest of all animals, all are aquatic, most are marine, range in size from 1/2 in. to 6 ft.; many colors and shapes

Characteristics:

1. Many __________________

2. __________________ layers of cells separated by a __________________ substance

Body Plan:

__________________ - outer layer of cells

__________________ - inner layer of cells

__________________ - draw water in

__________________ - where water passes out

__________________- a large excurrent pore, usually located at the top of a sponge

__________________ (collar cells) - use flagella to cause water currents and bring food. Then the choanocytes digest the food.

__________________ - amoeba-like cells located between the layers that carry the digested food to the rest of the body

Skeletal Structures:

__________________ = tough spikes of calcium or silicon

__________________ = a flexible protein

Some sponges have one or the other, some have both.

REPRODUCTION:

Asexual:

__________________ - sponges can regenerate a whole body from a small part. This is sometimes called __________________.

__________________ - under harsh conditions amoebocytes may form hard walls around them and remain dormant until favorable conditions return. Then they grow into new sponges.

Sexual:

__________________ - individuals produce both male and female __________________ (sperm & egg). Sperm cells swim to a nearby sponge, are captured by collar cells and taken to the egg to fertilize it. The __________________ (immature form) swims away, attaches, and grows.

ECONOMIC USE:

Sponges have been used for __________________ aids, __________________ tools, and drinking cups. Most sponges today are __________________.

PHYLUM - __________________

Examples: __________________, Sea __________________, __________________, Hydra

Characteristics:

1. __________________ gut

2. __________________ layers of cells

3. Tentacles with __________________

4. __________________ symmetry

Body Structure: 2 types

__________________ - vase-shaped

__________________ - dome-shaped

Some keep the same shape all during life, others may change during life cycle.

__________________ - outer layer of cells

__________________ - inner layer

__________________ - jelly layer between endo and ectoderm

__________________ - stinging cells

__________________ - coiled stinger inside cnidocyte used to paralyze and capture prey

Tentacles pull food through mouth into digestive cavity (coelenteron) where enzymes digest the food.

CLASS - __________________ (Hydra)

Most common, only .4 inches, found in __________________ water, usually white, brown, or gray.

Hydra live __________________ but most hydrozoans live in colonies. Within a colony polyps specialize in jobs, such as feeding, reproduction, etc.

Structure:

Polyp form, __________________ for attaching to objects, tentacles with nematocysts

__________________ net - branching system of nerves with no brain or central nervous system

Feeding:

Tentacles catch food, nematocysts sting, tentacles push food in mouth where it is digested. Undigested food passes out the __________________.

Reproduction:

Asexual - __________________

__________________ - sperm cells swim to eggs on another hydra; developing eggs fall off and grow into another hydra; some hermaphroditic

CLASS - __________________ (Cup animals)

__________________, Portuguese __________________

Tentacles may reach __________________ feet. Bodies may be 3 feet in diameter.

Life Cycle of Aurelia:

Polyps reproduce __________________

Medusae reproduce __________________

Male medusa releases sperm and female releases eggs which lodge on tentacles. Sperm swim to eggs, which develop into larvae. Larvae attach to sea floor and grow into polyps. Polyps reproduce asexually by budding which produces a stack of medusae. Medusae swim away and the cycle continues.

CLASS - __________________(flower animals)

Sea __________________ and __________________

Sea Anemones are like large hydra that attach themselves to the ocean floor and feed on fish that get caught by their tentacles.

Coral animals live in colonies and have skeletons. Skeletons of dead corals may build huge coral __________________.